ADVANCED SCIENCE

Research Article

Low-Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains

Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone

Formation and Host T-Cell Effector Immunity

Haixing Wang, Sien Lin, Lu Feng, Baozhen Huang, Xuan Lu, Zhengmeng Yang, Zhaowei Jiang, Yu-Cong Li,

Xiaoting Zhang, Ming Wang, Bin Wang, Lingchi Kong, Qi Pan, Shanshan Bai, Yuan Li, Yongkang Yang,

Wayne Yuk Wai Lee, Peter D. Currie, Changshuang Lin, Yanfu Jiang, Juyu Chen, Micky D. Tortorella

Hongyi Li

Gang Li

First published: 08 August 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202300989

Abstract

Studies in recent years have highlighted an elaborate crosstalk between T cells and bone cells, suggesting that T cells may be alternative therapeutic targets for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Here, it is reported that systemic administration of low-dose staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) 2M-118, a form of mutant superantigen, dramatically alleviates ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss via modulating T cells. Specially, SEC2 2M-118 treatment increases trabecular bone mass significantly via promoting bone formation in OVX mice. These beneficial effects are largely diminished in T-cell-deficient nude mice and can be rescued by T-cell reconstruction. Neutralizing assays determine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as the key factor that mediates the beneficial effects of SEC2 2M-118 on bone. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that IFN-γ stimulates Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) signaling, leading to enhanced production of nitric oxide, which further activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling and promotes osteogenic differentiation. IFN-γ also directly inhibits osteoclast differentiation, but this effect is counteracted by proabsorptive factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) secreted from IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. Taken together, this work provides clues for developing innovative approaches which target T cells for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/advs.202300989